Strap, Rule, Water

Rein – Reign – Rain

These three words are homonyms, which is a fancy way to say that they sound the same but mean something completely different. They're easy to mix up, but if you mix them up, you will look stupid.

I don't watch it myself, but there's a television series called "Reign," and it's about queens and kings and such. It would be a very different show if it were called "Rain" or "Rein." I would guess a show called "Rain" would be about water falling from the sky (sounds boring), while "Rein" would be about horses (could be interesting, if you like horses).

rein  [reyn]
noun

1. Often, reins. a leather strap, fastened to each end of the bit of a bridle, by which the rider or driver controls a horse or other animal by pulling so as to exert pressure on the bit. See illus. under harness.
2. any of certain other straps or thongs forming part of a harness, as a checkrein.
3. any means of curbing, controlling, or directing; check; restraint.
4. reins, the controlling or directing power: the reins of government.
5. verb (used with object)
6. to check or guide (a horse or other animal) by exerting pressure on a bridle bit by means of the reins.
7. to curb; restrain; control.

• "The painter must give a completely free rein to any feeling or sensations he may have and reject nothing to which he is naturally drawn."(Lucian Freud )
• "I need to rein myself in sometimes."(Kevin Pietersen)

This is a cliché that has to do with horses. Horses are controlled by reins: pulling back on the reins slows a horse down, while giving rein allows them to choose the speed. Reining someone in, therefore, means to slow them down, while giving (free) rein means to let them do as they please.

Reigning someone in is not an English phrase but, if it were, it would have something to do with monarchs. If you say you "reigned someone in," and you're a native English speaker, you look like a fool.

reign  [reyn]
noun

1. the period during which a sovereign occupies the throne.
2. royal rule or authority; sovereignty.
3. dominating power or influence: the reign of law.
4. verb (used without object)
5. to possess or exercise sovereign power or authority.
6. to hold the position and name of sovereign without exercising the ruling power.
7. to have control, rule, or influence of any kind.
8. to predominate; be prevalent.

"Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven." (Satan, Paradise Lost by John Milton)
"Let freedom reign."(Nelson Mandela)

If freedom reigns, it rules. Freedom can't yank us around with a bit in our mouths. It can't really reign either, since it's not a person, but that's beside the point.

Kings, queens, rulers, monarchs reign over their lands. Parents reign over their homes. The Pope reigns over the Vatican. I reign over my own body (most of the time). You reign over, not in.

rain  [reyn]
noun

1. water that is condensed from the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere and falls to earth in drops more than 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) in diameter. (Compared to drizzle)
2. a rainfall, rainstorm, or shower: We had a light rain this afternoon.
3. rains, the rainy season; seasonal rainfall, as in India.
4. weather marked by steady or frequent rainfall: We had rain most of last summer.
5. a heavy and continuous descent or inflicting of anything: a rain of blows; a rain of vituperation.

"Without the rain, there would be no rainbow."(G.K. Chesterton)

"Where I come from, rain is a good thing."(Luke Bryan)

When I was a child, I used to love standing out in the rain, letting it soak my clothes. My mom wasn't so happy when I came in all muddy, and now that I'm an adult I can see her point of view. Rain isn't so much fun for me anymore.

I'd rather be reining in a horse or reigning over a kingdom than standing out in the rain.

Can you weather this whether or no?

Which of the following sentences is correct?

1. I asked him weather or not he could help.
2. The weather report forecasts rain for today.
3. Weather or not I take an umbrella, I expect the whether shall be the same.
4. I don't know whether to laugh or to cry.

If you need a hint, two are correct and two are incorrect.

If you chose 2 and 4, you win! Sorry, I have no prizes. You just get the satisfaction of knowing how smart you are.

Definitions from Dictionary.com:

weath·er

  [weth-er]

noun

1.

the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, etc.

2.

a strong wind or storm or strong winds and storms collectively: We've had some real weather thisspring.

3.

a weathercast: The radio announcer will read the weather right after the commercial.

4.

Usually, weathers. changes or vicissitudes in one's lot or fortunes: She remained a good friend in allweathers.

verb (used with object)

5.

to expose to the weather; dry, season, or otherwise affect by exposure to the air or atmosphere: toweather lumber before marketing it.

6.

to discolor, disintegrate, or affect injuriously, as by the effects of weather: These crumbling stoneshave been weathered by the centuries.

7.

to bear up against and come safely through (a storm, danger, trouble, etc.): to weather a severeillness.

8.

Nautical . (of a ship, mariner, etc.) to pass or sail to the windward of: to weather a cape.

9.

Architecture . to cause to slope, so as to shed water.

wheth·er

  [hweth-er, weth-]

conjunction

1.

(used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives, and sometimes repeated before the secondor later alternative, usually with the correlative or  ): It matters little whether we go or stay. Whether wego or whether we stay, the result is the same.

2.

(used to introduce a single alternative, the other being implied or understood, or some clause orelement not involving alternatives): See whether or not she has come. I doubt whether we can do anybetter.

3.

Archaic. (used to introduce a question presenting alternatives, usually with the correlative or  ).

pronoun Archaic.

4.

which or whichever (of two)?

Idioms

5.

whether or no, under whatever circumstances; regardless: He threatens to go whether or no.

While the two words sound exactly the same when spoken, they have very different meanings, and should not be mixed up when writing as this will cause much confusion.

Can a Name Be Misspelled?

The other day, I saw an article that snarked, "kids these days think 'Britney' is the correct spelling." Seriously? So, what is the "correct" spelling? Brittani? Brittney? Brittny? Britnee? Brittnee? Brittany? I'm pretty sure the writer would choose the last one—after they yelled at me to get off their lawn.

This got me thinking. What constitutes a "correct" spelling of a name? Is there such a thing? I believe there is and there is not.

If, like the aforementioned writer, you think there is only one true "correct" spelling of any given name, well, I hate to tell you this, but that's wrong. Almost every name has variants. Don't believe me? Check behindthename.com for yourself. Even John can be spelled differently. In fact, you can make up new ways to spell a name if you are a new parent and you want to name your kid J'onh or Marri or whatever. That's entirely up to you.

However, if you know someone named Teri, and you write it down as Terri or Terry—or anything else other than Teri—you are spelling it wrong. For example, my name is Esther and so very often, I have people writing it as "Ester" instead. This is wrong, because my name is spelled "Esther." If your name was Ester, I spelled it "Esther," that would be wrong too. If you called Britney "Brittany," that would be wrong. Each person's name is spelled a certain way that their parents chose for them (or, rarely, they chose themselves), and that is the correct spelling for their name.

However your name is spelled on your birth certificate, that is the correct spelling for your name—or if you use a nickname, you decide how it is spelled, and that is the correct spelling. But others with a name that sounds the same may have a different spelling, and that is the correct spelling for their name. Therefore, it is possible to misspell a name, but only when that name belongs to a specific individual and you are writing about that person.

Lead Vs. Led

One of the most common mistakes I see is the confusion of "lead" and "led." It seems that many people don't know how to use these words. So here's a (hopefully) simple explanation.

Lead

This word has two meanings and two pronunciations.

1. Pronounced LEED.
verb (used with object)

1.

to go before or with to show the way; conduct or escort: to lead a group on a cross-country hike.

2.

to conduct by holding and guiding: to lead a horse by a rope.

3.

to influence or induce; cause: Subsequent events led him to reconsider his position.

4.

to guide in direction, course, action, opinion, etc.; bring: You can lead her around to your point of viewif you are persistent.

5.

to conduct or bring (water, wire, etc.) in a particular course.

This can also be a noun, as in someone who takes the lead, or a leash.

Pronounced LED.
noun

1.

Chemistry . a heavy, comparatively soft, malleable, bluish-gray metal, sometimes found in its naturalstate but usually combined as a sulfide, especially in galena. Symbol:  Pb; atomic weight:  207.19;atomic number:  82; specific gravity:  11.34 at 20°C.

2.

something made of this metal or of one of its alloys.

3.

a plummet or mass of lead suspended by a line, as for taking soundings.

4.

bullets collectively; shot.

5.

black lead or graphite.

As in, pencil lead.

Led

This word has only one meaning and one pronunciation.

verb

simple past tense and past participle of lead.

It is used in cases such as "Yesterday, I led the choir in singing 'Amazing Grace.'"

It is never correct to use "lead" as a past tense of itself. Do not say "Yesterday, I lead the choir in singing 'Amazing Grace.'" Bad. Very bad.

I see it all the time online, though. It drives me crazy, because I pronounce it LEED in my head, and then it sounds awful. "Are you aware of what leed to this?" Ugh. No. "Are you aware of what led to this?" Much better.

It's very simple: when it's a verb, it's spelled just how it sounds. Today, I lead. Yesterday, I led. Easy peasy.

Now, do it right. Please.

(All definitions from dictionary.com)

A Pause at the End of a Clause

No one seems to have any idea how to use a comma. This is partly due to the sometimes contradictory rules, but there are times when it is quite clearly wrong to include a comma, and other times when it is just as erroneous to omit one.

Everyone's heard the riddle "What is the difference between a cat and a comma?" The answer is "One has claws at the end of its paws, while the other is a pause at the end of a clause." This is one of the definitions of a comma, but by no means the be-all and end-all of its purpose and uses. In fact, if you only place a comma in your writing where you would pause while speaking, you'll probably include hundreds of unnecessary commas that really shouldn't be there.

In the above paragraph, there are two sentences that illustrate the "pause at the end of a clause."

1. One has claws at the end of its paws, while the other is a pause at the end of a clause.
2. This is one of the definitions of a comma, but by no means the be-all and end-all of its purpose and uses.

Both of these sentences have a connecting word immediately following the comma. You might conclude therefore, that there should always be a comma before a connecting word. That would be wrong, though. If you look more closely, you'll notice that each part of the above sentences could be a sentence on its own if you removed the comma and connecting word, and inserted a period instead. Eg: "One has claws at the end of its paws. The other is a pause at the end of a clause." Please note: Do not ever, on pain of death, leave out the connecting word while using a comma in a case like this.

Another common use for commas is with dialogue tags. This is actually much easier to do than the above example; however, I see it done wrong so often. For those who really have no clue, a dialogue tag is something like "he said" or "she whispered." A dialogue tag is not "he smiled" or "she wept." The simple rule is to use commas with dialogue tags, but use periods when it's not a dialogue tag, but a description or some such. Here are some examples:

• "I always hear 'punch me in the face' when you're talking," John said sarcastically.
• "Hello, Sweetie." River smiled.

If the dialogue tag (or a descriptive phrase) occurs in the middle of the sentence, it gets a little more complicated.

• Leonard sighed. "For God's sake, Sheldon," he said, "do I have to hold up a sarcasm sign every time I open my mouth?"
• "Dear God." Sherlock shook his head in amazement. "What is like in your funny little brains? It must be so boring."

In the first example, Leonard speaks just one sentence, so no period is used. In the second example, Sherlock speaks three sentences: one before the interrupting descriptive phrase, and two following it. Therefore, periods are used. If we were to use a dialogue tag here instead, we would use a comma instead of the first period, like so:

• "Dear God," Sherlock said in amazement. "What is like in your funny little brains? It must be so boring."

A third use for the comma is when you are speaking directly to someone, using their name or title. Examples from the above text are "Hello, Sweetie" and "For God's sake, Sheldon..." This is probably the comma I see omitted the most often online. Please note that is it not correct to say "Hello Sweetie." That hurts my eyes. Don't do it.

A more advanced comma technique is to offset interrupting information in the middle of a sentence. I did this above as well: "Do not ever, on pain of death, leave out the connecting word while using a comma in a case like this." The phrase "on pain of death" is not necessarily needed in order for the sentence to be correct, but I wanted it in there, so I put commas around it to indicate that it was extraneous information that I inserted. You can also use the long dash—or em or en dash—to create a similar effect, but I find it to be much more dramatic so I save it for specific times when I want to look dramatic.

The most controversial comma use is usually known as the "Oxford comma" (although, it seems that Oxford no longer uses it). Most people know agree that when you're writing a list, you use commas between the items in the list. However, there is a debate whether you need a comma between the last two items on the list. You may have seen this on Facebook or Pinterest:

1. We invited the strippers, Stalin, and Hitler.
2. We invited the strippers, Stalin and Hitler.

The first sentence uses the Oxford comma; the second does not. This allows for confusion in the second sentence, as we try to figure out why in God's name you would hire Stalin and Hitler as strippers. For this reason, among others, I use the Oxford comma. It is not grammatically incorrect to omit it, but your meaning is usually clearer if you include it.

There are other rules and not-rules and conventions around comma use, but I believe I've covered the basics here. If you have any questions, let me know.

Shutter vs Shudder

What is wrong with this sentence?

• "I shuttered at the feeling of dread that swept over me."

If you think that's a fine sentence, you're not alone. But you are very, very wrong.

A camera shutter

shut·ter  [shuht-er] 

noun

1. a solid or louvered movable cover for a window.

2. a movable cover, slide, etc., for an opening.

3. a person or thing that shuts.

4. Photography . a mechanical device for opening and closing the aperture of a camera lens to expose film or the like.

verb (used with object)

5. to close or provide with shutters: She shuttered the windows.

6. to close (a store or business operations) for the day or permanently.

(From dictionary.com)

You can shutter, but there must be an object. You shutter something; you don't merely shutter. I don't want to imagine what you mean if you try to say that you are shuttering yourself. Although, that might be an interesting metaphor.

Window shutters

I don't think I've ever heard or seen anyone use meaning number 3 from the above definition. Everyone shuts things; does that mean that we are all shutters? I guess so, at times in our lives. It's an odd term, though. I cannot see a use for it.

I think the most common usage would be in photography. The shutter is a very important part of the camera, without which it wouldn't work. Any photographer worth his or her salt knows that.

Window shutters are not so common on newer houses, but you can find them on older houses still. Before windows had glass, shutters were used to keep out the weather and bugs and such.

Therefore, you cannot shutter with dread. You can, however, shudder.


shud·der  [shuhd-er]

verb (used without object)
1. to tremble with a sudden convulsive movement, as from horror,fear, or cold.
noun
2. a convulsive movement of the body, as from horror, fear, or cold.


(From dictionary.com)

Notice that this is a verb with no object. You can shudder. You cannot shudder something.

I don't really understand why so many people confuse these two words. I guess they sound similar, but so what? So do many words in English. If we mixed up words every time they sound alike, we'd be giving our lovers read roses, drinking tee, etc.

Shudder and shutter don't even sound exactly alike, unless you pronounce a 't' like a 'd' and then there really is no hope for you. *shudder*

Let it Reign, Let it Rein, Let it Rain

Which is correct?

1. I reigned in my excitement.
2. I reined in my excitement.

Since the above is a metaphor that originated with slowing down a horse by pulling back on the reins, the correct answer is number 2. You cannot "reign in" anything; you "reign over" things. You know, like a king?


reign  [reyn]
noun
1.the period during which a sovereign occupies the throne.
2.royal rule or authority; sovereignty.
3.dominating power or influence: the reign of law.
verb (used without object)
4.to possess or exercise sovereign power or authority.
5.to hold the position and name of sovereign without exercising the ruling power.
6.to have control, rule, or influence of any kind.
7.to predominate; be prevalent.



rein  [reyn]
noun
1.Often, reins. a leather strap, fastened to each end of the bit of a bridle, by which the rider or driver controls a horse or other animal by pulling so as to exert pressure on the bit. See illus. under harness.
2.any of certain other straps or thongs forming part of a harness, as a checkrein.
3.any means of curbing, controlling, or directing; check; restraint.
4.reins, the controlling or directing power: the reins of government.
verb (used with object)
5.to check or guide (a horse or other animal) by exerting pressure on a bridle bit by means of the reins.
6.to curb; restrain; control.

These are both not to be confused with the water that falls from the sky.


rain  [reyn]  Show IPA
noun
1.water that is condensed from the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere and falls to earth in drops more than 1  / 50  in. (0.5 mm) in diameter. Compare drizzle (  def 6 ) .
2.a rainfall, rainstorm, or shower: We had a light rain this afternoon.
3.rains, the rainy season; seasonal rainfall, as in India.
4.weather marked by steady or frequent rainfall: We had rain most of last summer.
5.a heavy and continuous descent or inflicting of anything: a rain of blows; a rain of vituperation.
(definitions from dictionary.com)

When words sound the same, they are called "homonyms." Usually, the different spellings have different meanings, and should not be mixed up if you don't want to sound completely stupid.